A sheep created artificially through cloning in 1997
2. When a zygote divides into to separate cells, it is called:
Two-Cell Embryo
3. Somatic cells are also called:
Any cell in the body besides the two reproductive cells (i.e. sperm or zygote)
4. In order to clone a gene, a gene is inserted into:
A surrogate mother
5. In order to create an embryo from a somatic cell, the donor egg cell must have its single pair of chromosomes removed.
6. List all the materials needed to clone a mouse.
Mouse to clone
Egg cell donor
Surrogate Mother
Microscope
Petri dishes
Sharp pipette
Blunt pipette
Chemical to stimulate cell division
7. Place the following steps in the correct order.
4 Stimulate cell division
6 Deliver baby
2 Remove and discard the nucleus from the egg cell
1 Isolate donor cells from egg donor and germ cell donor
3 Transfer the somatic cell nucleus into the egg cell
5 Implant embryo into a surrogate mother
8. There are two time gaps in the process of cloning. What are they? (ie. what do you have to wait for?)
Adjustment of the somatic nucleus to the egg cell
The time for the cells to divide into 16 cells
9. What color with the cloned mouse be? Brown What is the name of this mouse? Mini-Mimi
10. Why is cloning extinct animals problematic?
Getting DNA from an extinct animal is hard and/or impossible to get. Consider dinosaurs. After being extinct for almost 65 million years, there is almost no chance of finding DNA of a dinosaur. Either way, there has to be a closely related animal that would giver birth to the dinosaur anyway.
11. What are some reasons a person might want to clone a human?
To replace a deceased child
To help infertile couples have children
12. What animal was cloned in 1885?
Sea Urchin
13. How did Spemann separate the two cells of the embryo of a salamander in 1902?
He took a piece of hair and tied it around a salamander cell. He tightened it until the cells split apart.
14. The process of removing a nucleus is called
enucleation
15. In 1952, the nucleus of a Frog embryo cell was placed into a donor cell. Did it work to clone the animal?
Yes, but the outcoming clones were abnormal
16. Can the nucleus of an adult cell be injected into an egg cell and produce a clone?
Yes
17. Why are mammals hard to clone?
Mammalian egg cells are smaller and therefore harder to clone.
18. What were the names of the first two cloned cows?
Fusion and Copy
19. In what year was the National Bioethics Advisory Council formed?
1995
20. The first mammal clone to be produced from an adult (somatic) cell?
Dolly
21. What do scientists do to adult cells to make them "behave" like embryos?
The genetic information inside an adult cell must be reset
22. Transgenic, cloned sheep were used to produce what medical protein?
Factor IX
23. What is a stem cell?
A stem cell is located in the embryo, and can become any cell in the body.
24. Briefly describe in your own words, why CC the cat was not identical in color to Rainbow, even though she was a clone/
CC and Rainbow are indded clones, but when Rainbow had a somatic cell taken away, she had some genes in the X chromosome turned off. Although this happens normally in mothers, this is why CC is a different color than Rainbow. The genes that determine an organism's color (or in this case, fur color) lies in the X chromosome. Rainbow, being black and orange, have one of each color in one of her two X chromosomes (females have two X chromosomes). So, the orange color gene was turned off, thus making CC not having a trace of orange in her fur.
25. What is "nature vs nurture"?
Nature vs. Nuture is the argument of inheritance of traits. If there are identical twins, it doesn't means their traits will be the same. This is a two sided argument, nature being traits created by the environment arounf the mother effect epigenetics, or nuture, where the traits carried by chromosomes would pass down traits that represent similar to the parents. This has been an argument for some time, and no clear answer has come up clearly. Personally, I believe it is both. The traits inherited by the parents will change due to the environment. This cloning situation represents the cloning situation, because characteristics are easily effected by the environment and change the epigenome.
26. For each of the following scenarios, indicate YES (it is cloning) or NO (it is not cloning)
Sperm taken from a mole goat is combined with a female's egg in a petri dish. The resulting embryo is implanted into the female's uterus to develop
NO
A sheep embryo, composed of 16 cells, is removed from the mother's uterus and separated into indivudal cells.
YES
Each cell is allowed to multiply, creating 16 separate embryos, which are then implanted in different female sheep to develop to maturity.
NO
A cow with many desirable traits is stimulated with hormones to produce a number of egg cells. Each of these eggs is fertilized and implanted into a surrogate mother.
NO
In vitro fertilization
NO
Cell nuclei from an extinct wolly mammoth are placed into enucleated cow cells.
YES
27. Define or describe each of the following processes (you may need to reset the Cloning or Not Screen)
Invitro fertilization
Invitro fertilization is when sperm from a male organism is added to a female egg in not in a surrogate mother. When the embryo is created, it is then placed in a mother in order for it to grow. This result, since it is not an identical copy of any one organism, is not cloning
Embryo splitting
This technique is to mass produce clones. When a mother has 16 cells in an embryo, it is removed. Each cell is removed and placed away from other. The cells will multiply until each one has grown into an embryo. These embryos are placed into the mother and 16 identical copies are made.
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
This technique was used to create Dolly and Polly. Somatic cells are taken from an organism and placed into egg cells. Earlier, the egg cells had their nuclei taken out. The somatic cells' nuclei are placed into different egg cells. These eggs cells are then placed into a surrogate mother, in which create clones.
Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer
Egg cells taken out of a female organisms are added with sperm from random males. This combanation created embryos, which are then placed into a surrogate mother. The result is in organisms that are not identical. The sperm that was inserted makes the chromosome pair not identical to the organism to be cloned.
Artificial Insemination
Sperm taken from a top organism, such as a strong horse, would be given to female horses in different parts of the world to make strong horses. This doesn't work because the female's genome would be unique from the male's.
28. What is one reason why cloning animals has such a high failure rate?
Implanting the embryo into the mother may fail or be uncompatable.
29. What is a telomere and how does it affect cloned animals?
Telemores are strands of DNA that are copied. These telemores are needed when the mitosis of DNA is occurring. Since some DNA is lost, telemores are put in to fill up the gaps. Somatic cells do not create telemores as quickly which can effect the DNA. This also makes cloning unsuccessful commonly.
What Are Some Issues in Cloning?
30. Pick one of the questions to ponder and ....ponder it. Write a brief essay on your thoughts and opinions.
Question: What are the risks?
I believe that technologies can hold certain risks that could be unsuccessful or even dangerous to human health. Current technologies such as Somatic Nuclear Transfer may be cost resistant, but it is extremely unlikely that it will be entirely useful. These risks could add up to create certain "side-effects" that could be harmful overall. Adding up could actually become a problem with price, even with a treatment as costless as Somatic Nuclear Transfer. Embryo splitting also may be cost-resistant and creates massive amounts of embryos, but it has the same success rate as SNT (Somatic Nuclear Transfer). A near perfect cells is needed to have a clone. Take Dolly for example. One out of 276 embryos were successful in 1997. That a percentage of .3%!
Another reason for concern is that the chance of infection through the cells. Genetic diseases are sometimes in somatic cells, these in which may cause an infection. Genetic Disease that spread to other cells can cover the entire body eventually. Say this somatic cell that is transplanted into a surrogate mother is infected. It could carry on throughout the body until it is entirely covered. This could be dangerous to human health!
I believe that technologies can hold certain risks that could be unsuccessful or even dangerous to human health. Current technologies such as Somatic Nuclear Transfer may be cost resistant, but it is extremely unlikely that it will be entirely useful. These risks could add up to create certain "side-effects" that could be harmful overall. Adding up could actually become a problem with price, even with a treatment as costless as Somatic Nuclear Transfer. Embryo splitting also may be cost-resistant and creates massive amounts of embryos, but it has the same success rate as SNT (Somatic Nuclear Transfer). A near perfect cells is needed to have a clone. Take Dolly for example. One out of 276 embryos were successful in 1997. That a percentage of .3%!
Another reason for concern is that the chance of infection through the cells. Genetic diseases are sometimes in somatic cells, these in which may cause an infection. Genetic Disease that spread to other cells can cover the entire body eventually. Say this somatic cell that is transplanted into a surrogate mother is infected. It could carry on throughout the body until it is entirely covered. This could be dangerous to human health!
